5.1 Writing formulas in TeX

From Förberedande kurs i matematik 1

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'''Contents:'''
'''Contents:'''
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* What is TeX/LaTeX?
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* LaTeX maths
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* Common expressions
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* Common mistakes
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'''Study advice'''
'''Study advice'''
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'''Useful web sites'''
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A tip is to try out your maths formulas in the wiki where you work on your individual assignment.
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*'''[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX Wikibook on LaTeX]'''
 
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*'''[http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/ Getting Started with LaTeX]'''
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'''Useful web sites'''
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* '''[http://www.maths.abdn.ac.uk/tex/latex_course/intro.htm How to write and use LaTeX ]'''
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*A more thorough list of LaTeX maths commands can be found on Wikipedias [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula help page]
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* '''[http://www.latex-project.org/ LaTeX - project]'''
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*Two more thorough texts om LaTeX maths can be found in [http://www.cism.it/cism/volconts/ch8.pdf a chapter] of the book ''The LaTeX Companion'' and a [http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/info/math/voss/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf text] by Herbert Voss.
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* '''[http://www.math.union.edu/~dpvc/jsMath/ jsMath: A Method of Including Mathematics in Web Pages]'''
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*If you want to know more about LaTeX you can visit these sites: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX Wikipedia], [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf The not so Short Introduction to LaTeX] and [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX LaTeX Wikibook].
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* For the ambitious '''[http://theoval.sys.uea.ac.uk/~nlct/latex/thesis/ Using LaTeX to Write a PhD Thesis]'''
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*The actual implementation of LaTeX math that is used in the wiki is [http://www.math.union.edu/~dpvc/jsMath/ jsMath].
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Revision as of 12:46, 28 January 2009

       Theory          Exercises      

Contents:

  • LaTeX maths

Learning outcomes:

After this section you will have learned how to:

  • Write simple maths formulas in LaTeX.
  • Avoid common mistakes when coding maths in LaTeX.

To write mathematics efficiently on a computer in your individual assignment and the group task you will need write the maths in a coded form called LaTeX syntax. In this section you will learn the fundamentals of constructing LaTeX code that yields simple maths formulas.


How to write basic expressions

To indicate the start of math formatting, use the tag <math>. To end math formatting, use the tag </math>. For example, if you want the formula \displaystyle a+b, in the text box write <math>a+b</math>.

Simple mathematical formulas are written in a straight-forward manner.

Example

  1. \displaystyle 1+2-3\quad is written <math>1+2-3</math>
  2. \displaystyle 5/2\quad is written <math>5/2</math>
  3. \displaystyle 4/(2+x)\quad is written <math>4/(2+x)</math>
  4. \displaystyle 4 < 5.3\quad is written <math>4 < 5.3</math>

When you need to use symbols that are not available on the keyboard or construct formulas that are not simple you use special commands that start with a backslash, e.g. \le is a command that gives you \displaystyle \le.

The table below shows some of the most commonly used maths commands in LaTeX.


Example LaTeX-code Comment
Simple operations a+b a+b
a-b a-b
a\pm b a\pm b
a\times b a\times b
a/b a/b
\frac{a}{b} \frac{a}{b} Use \dfrac{a}{b} for a larger sized fraction
(a) (a) Scalable parantheses \left(...\right)
Relation signs a=b a=b
a\ne b a\ne b Alternatively: a\not= b
a< b a< b NB: Space after "<"
a\le b a\le b
a> b a>b
a\ge b a\ge b
Powers and roots x^{n} x^{n}
\sqrt{x} \sqrt{x}
\sqrt[n]{x} \sqrt[n]{x} Write \sqrt[\scriptstyle n]{x} for bigger n
Index x_n x_{n}
Logarithms \ln x \ln x
\log x \log x
\log_{a} x \log_{a} x
Trigonometry 30^{\circ} 30^{\circ}
\cos x \cos x
\sin x \sin x
\tan x \tan x
\cot x \cot x
Various symbols \pi \pi


Example

  1. \displaystyle 1\pm3\times 5\quad is written <math>1\pm 3\times 5</math>
  2. \displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2}y\ne x\le z\quad is written <math>\frac{1}{2}y\ne x\le z</math>
  3. \displaystyle 2^{13}\sqrt{3}+\ln y\quad is written <math>2^{13}\sqrt{3}+\ln y</math>
  4. \displaystyle \tan 30^{\circ}+\cot\pi\quad is written <math>\tan 30^{\circ}+\cot\pi</math>


How to write complex expressions

By combining simple expressions, we may form more complex expressions.

Example

  1. \displaystyle \sqrt{x+2}\quad is written <math>\sqrt{x+2}</math>
  2. \displaystyle (a^2)^3=a^6\quad is written <math>(a^2)^3=a^6</math>
  3. \displaystyle 2^{2^2}\quad is written <math>2^{2^2}</math>
  4. \displaystyle \sin\sqrt{x}\quad is written <math>\sin\sqrt{x}</math>

Example

  1. \displaystyle \sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}\quad is written <math>\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}</math>
  2. \displaystyle \dfrac{x-x^2}{\sqrt{3}}\quad is written <math>\dfrac{x-x^2}{\sqrt{3}}</math>
  3. \displaystyle \dfrac{x}{x+\dfrac{1}{x}}\quad is written <math>\dfrac{x}{x+\dfrac{1}{x}}</math>
  4. \displaystyle x_{1,2}=-\dfrac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{p}{2}\right)^2-q}\quad is written <math>x_{1,2}=-\dfrac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{p}{2}\right)^2-q}</math>


How to avoid common mistakes

One of the most common mistakes when editing math in the wiki is to forget the start <math> tag and the end </math> tag.

Remember also to start commands with a backslash (\) and to add a space after the commands (unless they are followed immediately by a new command).

Another frequent mistake is to use an asterisk (*) instead of a proper multiplication sign \displaystyle \times (\times in TeX).

Example

LaTeX Result
  1. Don't write
sin x \displaystyle sin x
  1. Don't write
\sinx Error
  1. Do write
\sin x \displaystyle \sin x
  1. Don't write
4*3 \displaystyle 4*3
  1. Do write
4\times 3 \displaystyle 4\times 3
  1. Don't write
a\times b \displaystyle a\times b
  1. Do write
ab \displaystyle ab

Exponents and indices

When writing exponents you use ^ followed by the exponent and to write indices you use _ followed by the index. If the exponent or index consists of more than one symbol it must be enclosed with braces {}.

A special kind of exponent is the degree sign (°) which is written as ^{\circ}.

Example

LaTeX Result
  1. Don't write
a2 \displaystyle a2
  1. Do write
a^2 \displaystyle a^2
  1. Don't write
x1 \displaystyle x1
  1. Do write
x_1 \displaystyle x_1
  1. Don't write
a^22 \displaystyle a^22
  1. Do write
a^{22} \displaystyle a^{22}
  1. Don't write
30^{o} \displaystyle 30^{o}
  1. Don't write
30^{0} \displaystyle 30^{0}
  1. Do write
30^{\circ} \displaystyle 30^{\circ}

Delimiters

In more complex expressions you need to make sure to balance each opening parenthesis ( with a closing parenthesis ).

A pair of parenthesis that delimits a tall expression should be as large as the expression. You should therefore prefix the opening parenthesis with \left and the closing parenthesis with \right to get a pair of extensible parentheses that adjust its height to the expression.

Note also that braces {} and not parentheses () are used in commands to delimits arguments.

Example

LaTeX Result
  1. Don't write
(1-(1-x) \displaystyle (1-(1-x)
  1. Do write
(1-(1-x)) \displaystyle (1-(1-x))
  1. Don't write
(\dfrac{a}{b}+c) \displaystyle (\dfrac{a}{b}+c)
  1. Do write
\left(\dfrac{a}{b}+c\right) \displaystyle \left(\dfrac{a}{b}+c\right)
  1. Don't write
\frac(1)(2) \displaystyle \tfrac(1)(2)
  1. Do write
\frac{1}{2} \displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2}
  1. Don't write
\sqrt(a+b) \displaystyle \sqrt(a+b)
  1. Don't write
\sqrt{(a+b)} \displaystyle \sqrt{(a+b)}
  1. Do write
\sqrt{a+b} \displaystyle \sqrt{a+b}

Fractions

As a rule of thumb you should write fractions where the numerator and denominator consist only of a few digits as a small fraction (i.e. with \frac), while other fractions should be large (i.e. with \dfrac).

If an exponent or index contains a fraction then that fraction should be written in a slashed form (e.g. \displaystyle 5/2 instead of \displaystyle \tfrac{5}{2}) to enhance the legibility.

Example

LaTeX Result
  1. Don't write
\dfrac{1}{2} \displaystyle \dfrac{1}{2}
  1. Do write
\frac{1}{2} \displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2}
  1. (Exception: If the fraction is next to a large expression you should, however, write the fraction as a large fraction.)
  1. Don't write
\frac{a}{b} \displaystyle \tfrac{a}{b}
  1. Do write
\dfrac{a}{b} \displaystyle \dfrac{a}{b}
  1. Don't write
\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \displaystyle \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}
  1. Do write
\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \displaystyle \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}
  1. Don't write
a^{\frac{1}{2}} \displaystyle a^{\frac{1}{2}}
  1. Do write
a^{1/2} \displaystyle a^{1/2}


Study advice

A tip is to try out your maths formulas in the wiki where you work on your individual assignment.


Useful web sites

  • A more thorough list of LaTeX maths commands can be found on Wikipedias help page
  • Two more thorough texts om LaTeX maths can be found in a chapter of the book The LaTeX Companion and a text by Herbert Voss.
  • The actual implementation of LaTeX math that is used in the wiki is jsMath.